Organ Transplant Essay -- Health, Diseases, Organ Donation

An organ transplant is a surgical operation conducted to replace an organ unable to function properly with a new one. An organ, in turn, is an accumulation of cells and tissues gathered to perform the functions of body. Therefore, any part of the body which acts as a performer of specific function is called an organ. There are two possible ways of how the organ donation (OD) can take place. The first is the donation of cadaveric organs (organs from recently deceased people). The decision to donate in this way requires the consent of a person in the form of an indication on the driver license, like in the USA (Gruessner, Benedetti, 2008, 54) or health care document as an organ donor card, in Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, for example (Hareyan, 2007). The second option is the organ donation from the living person. This usually occurs in regard to the close people who need an organ, but also takes place in regard to strangers. Although procedure of organ donation developed rapidly in the recent half a century, it can hardly be claimed good enough to manage supply and demand, well-organized and perfect (World Health Organization, 2010). The dramatic character of the situation can be revealed in the statistics of the waiting list for organs, for example kidney. To understand whether the mismatch of supply and demand for organs have sharpened over time, it would be useful to look at the state of affairs in a particular region, such as EU, for instance. There was a significant increase in the demand for kidney in the EU: from 1980s with just above 2000 candidates to 11082 in 2008. Meanwhile, the amount of transplants which have taken place also increased, but not so profoundly: from 1000 (only from deceased donors) to 4000 (from living an... ... organs can be injected in human body to perform the functions of human body’s organ. But there is a critique to this option as there is no guarantee that artificial organs can be an effective substitute the human organs and there is a probability of the next operations which will be needed to normalize the body condition and to reduce the possible rejection (ibid). Nonetheless, if there is even no trial on how to improve the state of affairs, there is a low chance on progress and future success in this sphere. Consequently, the practice of new methods of treatment can ensure the needed effects and identify possible problems, which then, can be avoided in the real operations. The work of the specialists in the Center for Bioethics might demonstrate that there can be several ways of how to increase organ donation rates to diminish current weaknesses in this sphere.

Uses of Computer in Field of Business Essay

Computer in business: Information Technology (IT) has played a very significant role in taking business to new height. Before computers, the time taken to complete a task was more and however as computer started to be used in business establishments, the processing of work got more stabilized. Some of its uses in the field of business are given below: Keeping records: Computer programs such as QuickBooks and other accounting programs to allow business to keep detailed records. These programs track accounts payable, accounts receivable and sales. They also provide a easy and quick way for a business to send invoices to customers and handle payroll functions. Back office productivity and accuracy can increase greatly when using an accounting program. Budgeting and Forecasting : Computers can be used to prepare budgets and corporate forecasts, inexpensive accounting programs allow even people with limited computer knowledge to develop detailed budgets that will help to keep the company on track. They can also be used to forecasts future sales and business expansions. Spreadsheet program such as excel can also be used for budgeting and forecasting. Inventory Control and Management: Inventory control and management Is a crucial process , especially in establishments related to retail and production, such as details of good, goods coming in distribution of stock and storage details. Preparing Marketing Documents: There are wide varieties of programs that allow businesses to easily prepare dynamic marketing documents. Word for documentation, Spreadsheets for storing large data, Adobe Photoshop provides eye catching customs. E- Commerce: E commerce(electronic commerce) describes the buying, selling and exchanging of products services and information via computer networks there are many applications of e commerce such as: Electronic mail: A service of transporting text messages, videos and audios from one computer to another via internet. Electronic shopping: it allows businesses and internet users to buy goods and services at home, form work and from anywhere in the world. Electronic banking: it helps businesses for transmission of cash from home or on the road using online banking instead of physical bank location Research: The business can use the internet to search its competitors, products and prices by studying their websites. they can also get glimpse on how costumers view their own products by reading their costumer reviews on different websites. Communication: Communication is key when gaining and maintaining clients and other important contacts. Computers give businesses access to email, instant messaging and custom customer contact systems. Computerized phone systems allow for automated support during off hours and a virtual operator can quickly direct callers to the correct department for faster support. Marketing : Computers allow businesses to create websites, stunning ads and complete marketing campaigns. Marketing videos can be edited and custom ads created in-house with the use of specialized software. Businesses can completely develop and manage websites with their own servers or connect remotely to a third-party business to upload their latest content such as articles, product images and blog posts. Storage: Instead of filing cabinets, businesses are able to store millions of files using computers and servers. Data can be stored centrally for easy access from multiple computers or stored locally for individual use. Computerized storage saves space and provides a far more efficient organization strategy. With encryption, passwords and replace keys, data  remains secure. Social issues with the use of computer Computer technology has made several important impacts on our society. Today computer is playing very important role in every field of life. But with thos rapid increase the social issues arising from it are also increasing day by day. Some of its positive issues are given below: Use of computer in a positive way : Business: Today, in global markets, it is impossible to run the business without the use of computer technology.  Many business activities are performed very quickly and  efficiently by using computers. The administrative  paperwork is also reduced by using computers. Many  business use websites to sell their products and contact  their customers. Education: Computers are used in teaching and research. The students can solve different kinds of problems quickly and efficiently by using computers. They can also collect different information on the Internet. Bank: Computers are widely used in banks. They are used in banks for record keeping and maintaining accounts of customers. Most of the banks provide the facility of ATMs. The customers can draw money through ATM card from any branch of that bank (or another bank) at any time of a day. Entertainment: Computers are also playing very important role for the entertainment of human beings. Nowadays, computer can be used to watch television programs on the Internet. People can also watch movies, listen music, and play games on the computer. Many computer games and other entertainment materials of different kinds are available on the Internet. Medical: Nearly every area of the medical field uses computers. For example, computers are used for maintaining patient history & other records. They are also used for patient monitoring and diagnosis of diseases etc. Using Computers In negative Ways: New technology brings with it new opportunities for crime, but in many ways, computers and computer networks have left many open doors for criminal to enter. Some of them are given below: Software theft Software theft costs the software industry an estimated $12 billion a year. Users have an opinion on the ethics of copying software that does not match the publishers and it is not always certain where the law stands on this around the world. Companies are not sure whether copyrights or patents is the best way to protect intellectual property and several look and feel cases have left the issues unresolved.The large question is how to protect intellectual property right without stifling creativity overall. Hacking: Attacks by hackers and computer viruses have cost computer operators a great deal of time and money. Hackers have: broken into computer systems to change exam results (and sometimes grades), disrupted 911 systems, hacked into US military computers sold stolen data to the KGB and blackmailed London banks into hiring them as â€Å"security consultants.† Viruses: Viruses have erased file, damaged disks, and shut down computer systems. The most infamous virus is the Internet worm started by Robert Morris in 1998, tying up 6000 computer systems nationwide. While some people think that hackers are guardians of civil liberties, most legal systems view them as trespassers and vandals. Privacy: Safeguarding privacy in a modern society where so much information about us is public is extremely difficult if not impossible. There have been data disasters involving mistaken identities, data mix-ups, and doctored data which adversely affect people’s lives, including driving and credit records. Aggravating the problem are the issues of calling number identification (CNID or Caller ID) monitoring of e-mail, and data marketing.

A Crisis in the World of Coffee Essay - 530 Words

Coffee is the second largest export commodity in the world after oil and is exported from 52 countries in the south. The current crisis has evolved through a series of changes in the industry. Since the liberalization of the coffee market, the price volatility has amplified. The world production of coffee has risen dramatically in the past three years mainly due to the production increase in the two world leading countries Brazil and Vietnam. Vietnam has for example increased production by 1400 % between 1990 and 2000, and Brazil has contributed even more than Vietnam to the global oversupply during the past five years. Both countries also have large numbers of trees in development, which will lead to an overproduction for at least the†¦show more content†¦These factors together have driven the price in the first months of 2002 down to a 100-year low. The global retail market value for certified sustainable coffee was in 1999/2000 around US$ 455 million. By including non-cer tified products, sold with a sustainability label, the figure reaches US$ 530 million. Approximately 15-18 million pounds of certified organic coffee were exported globally, and including the trade of non-certified organic coffee, the amount is 21.2 million pounds. Sustainable coffee gives a considerable price premium to the farmer. The willingness of the consumer to pay extra for products that are produced in an environmentally and/or socially sustainable way is transferred to a premium for the producer. The total world production of coffee is estimated to reach 117 million bags in 2002/2003, while the world consumption will only reach 108 millions bags. With an oversupply of 8 million bags, the future market for conventional coffee is problematic and there is a large incentive for entering niche markets (PROCAFE 2001). The US National Coffee Association considers that sustainable coffees are important niches, but does not believe that it can be applied to the whole industry (Nelso n 2002). The sales of organic products in Europe are, however, increasing by 23% per year and the WTO hasShow MoreRelatedThe Coffee Crisis1069 Words   |  5 PagesYoung To begin, The Coffee Crisis is about an acute coffee crisis and how it threatens millions of small coffee farmers around the world and is putting economic growth, as well as social and political stability, at risk in scores of coffee producing countries in Central and South America, Africa and Asia. 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